@article{oai:kyukyo.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000121,
 author = {大下, 和茂 and 湯浅, 安理 and ロス, みさき and 小泉, 和史 and 川上, 雅之 and 矢野, 澄雄 and OSHITA, Kazushige and YUASA, Ari and ROSS, Misaki and KOIZUMI, Kazushi and KAWAKAMI, Masayuk and YANO, Sumio},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {九州共立大学研究紀要, Study journal of Kyushu Kyoritsu University},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Finswimming is a speed competition sport practiced on the surface or underwater, by using monofins
or normal swimfins (called bi-fins or stereo-fins). The swimming style is based on whole-body oscillations
called “waving.” In surface events (SF), competitors should surface within 15 m after the start and any
turns. A centre-mounted snorkel is used to breathe. The competition distances for finswimming are
the same as that for classical swimming (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500 m). The apnea event (AP)
refers to swimming underwater or at the surface with no breathing allowed. The immersion events (IS)
discipline involves the use of an air tank and a regulator. Although the world record (as of January 1st,
2012) for the 50 m freestyle is 20.91 s (by Cesar Cielo of Brazil), the same for the 50 m AP is 14.10 s (by
Pavel Kabanov of Russia). This is a 48% increase in speed as compared to conventional swimming.
In SF performances, the average frequency of waving cycle (waving rate; WR) during the 100 m SF
is higher in experts than in novices. Further, the mean joint amplitude for the upper limbs is smaller for
experts than for novices. Regarding the lower limbs, amplitude at the ankle level is larger for experts
than for novices (i.e., the oscillation amplitude increased from shoulder to ankle). Therefore, experts
attempt to reduce drag forces by a low upper limbs pitch (Gautier et al., 2004).
In expert’s performances in sprint events (such as 50 or 100 m), there is no significant difference
between finalists and non-finalists in the 50 m SF in the world championship with regard to WR (2.65
Hz vs. 2.64 Hz). However, the swimming distance per waving (waving length; WL) of finalists is longer
than that of the non-finalists (1.16 m vs. 1.06 m). Further, the average swimming speed is significantly　correlated with WL (r = –0.88, P < 0.01). These results suggest that WL is concluded to be an important
factor that influences the performance of elite athletes in sprint events (Oshita et al., 2008).
Regarding expert’s performances in the middle or long distance events (i.e., 400 to 1500 m), the
average swimming speed is significantly correlated with the fluctuation in the lap time (defined as the
coefficient of variation of the lap time (lap time per 100 m)). Further, the average swimming speed is
significantly correlated with the variability of WR. Therefore, experts in middle or long distance events
attempt to reduce speed fluctuation during the race by reducing the variability of WR (Oshita et al., 2008
& unpublished data).},
 pages = {83--93},
 title = {各種報告 フィンスイミング競技の紹介と競技力向上に繋がる最近の研究 : フィンスイミング・ワールドカップ2011 ゴールデンファイナル 中国大会の参加報告を兼ねて},
 volume = {2},
 year = {2012},
 yomi = {オオシタ, カズシゲ and ユアサ, アリ and ロス, ミサキ and コイズミ, カズシ and カワカミ, マサユキ and ヤノ, スミオ}
}